<html lang="en"><head><base href="http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/power_collect_en.html">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="TransitPubID" content="260">
<title>
City of Ottawa
- Power Collection and Distribution Systems
</title>
<meta name="h1" content="Power Collection and Distribution Systems">
<meta name="type" content="WebContent(Main)">
<meta name="ext" content="doc">
<meta name="lnso" content="50">
<meta name="link" content="">
<script type="text/javascript" src="/scripts/deep_metrix.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/scripts/css/redesign.css">
<!--[if IE]> <style type="text/css">@import "/scripts/css/redesign_IE.css";</style> <![endif]-->
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/scripts/css/print.css" media="print">
</head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><base href="http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/power_collect_en.html"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><a name="TopOfPage"> </a>
<div id="wrapper">
<div id="header">
<span id="logo"><a href="/index_en.html"><img class="logo" src="/images/header/ottawa_logo.png" width="177" height="125" alt="City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"></a></span>
<ul id="topNav">
<li><a href="/cgi-bin/lang.cgi" class="leftEnd" lang="fr">Français</a></li>
<li><a href="/sitemap_en.shtml">Site Map</a></li>
<li><a href="/contactus_en.shtml">Contact Us</a></li>
<li><a href="/cgi-bin/rate_site/rate_site.cgi?lang=en&referred_by_page=http://www.ottawa.ca/index_en.shtml">Rate Our Site</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="gatewayNav">
<h2 class="hidden">Main Menu</h2>
<ul>
<li class="end"><a href="/residents/index_en.html">Residents</a></li>
<li><a href="/visitors/index_en.html">Visitors</a></li>
<li><a href="/city_hall/index_en.html">City Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/business/index_en.html">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="/online_services/index_en.html" class="rightEnd">Online Services</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!--
<div id="search">
<form action="http://search.ottawa.ca/search.asp?NS-collection=English&Collection=COO_ENGLISH" method="get" class="search">
<label for="whatever" class="input">Search</label> <input id="whatever" type="text" name="Query" value="" class="error" />
<input type="image" class="image" src="/images/search_go_1.jpg" alt="Search" />
</form>
</div>
-->
<div id="search">
<form action="http://ottawa.ca/cgi-bin/htsearch" method="get" class="search">
<label for="whatever" class="input">Search</label> <input id="whatever" type="text" name="words" value="" class="error">
<input type="image" class="image" src="/images/search_go_1.jpg" alt="Search">
</form>
</div>
<div id="breadcrumb">
<a href="/index_en.html" class="breadcrumb">Home</a> <span class="breadcrumb">></span> <a href="/residents/index_en.html" class="breadcrumb">Residents</a> <span class="breadcrumb">></span> <a href="/residents/public_consult/index_en.html" class="breadcrumb">Public Consultations</a> <span class="breadcrumb">></span> <a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/index_en.html" class="breadcrumb">Transportation Master Plan (TMP) Projects</a> <span class="breadcrumb">></span> <a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/index_en.html" class="breadcrumb">Light Rail Transit (LRT) Technology Forum</a> <span class="breadcrumb">></span> <a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/index_en.html" class="breadcrumb">Read all about it—LRT technology education begins here</a> > <span class="breadcrumbcurrent">Power Collection and Distribution Systems</span>
</div>
<div id="container">
<!-- start left hand column -->
<div id="serviceLevelLeftColumn">
<div id="leftNav">
<ul id="navlist">
<li><a class="navHead" href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/index_en.html">Read all about it—LRT technology education begins here</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/summary_en.html">Executive Summary</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/glossary_en.html">Glossary of terms and abbreviations</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/automation_en.html">Automation versus driver-operated vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/climate_en.html">Climate Considerations</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/floor_en.html">Low-Floor and High-Floor Vehicle Characteristics and System Implications</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/multiple_en.html">Single Versus Multiple Vehicle-type Fleet</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/power_collect_en.html">Power Collection and Distribution Systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/regulatory_en.html">Regulatory Framework</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/segregation_en.html">Degree of Corridor Segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/residents/public_consult/tmp/lrt/discussion_papers/signalling_en.html">Signalling Systems</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="disclaimer">
</div>
<div id="leftAds">
</div>
<div id="printable">
<img class="floatleft" src="/images/print.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="Printable version">
<span class="iconLinksText">
<a href="/cgi-bin/printer.cgi" target="blank">Printable Version</a></span>
</div>
<div id="textSize">
<img class="floatleft" src="/images/aaa_textSize.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="Text Size - Icon">
<span class="iconLinksText">
<a href="/textsize_en.html">Text Size</a></span>
</div>
<div id="Browsealoud">
<img class="floatleft" src="/images/browsealoud.png" width="32" height="32" alt="Browsealoud - Icon">
<span class="iconLinksText">
<a href="/browsealoud/index_en.html">Browsealoud</a></span>
</div>
<div id="rssFeed">
<img class="floatleft" src="/images/rss/rss.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="RSS Feeds - Icon">
<span class="iconLinksText">
<a href="/rss/feeds/index_en.html">RSS Feeds</a></span>
</div>
<div id="twitter">
<img class="floatleft" src="/images/twitter.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="Twitter Feeds - Icon">
<span class="iconLinksText">
<a href="/twitter/index_en.html">Twitter</a></span>
</div>
<!-- <div id="esubscription">
<img class="floatleft" src="/images/esubscription.jpg" width="32" height="32" alt="eSubscriptions - Icon" />
<span class="iconLinksText">
<a href="/esubscription/forms/index_en.html">eSubscriptions</a></span>
</div>-->
</div>
<!-- end left hand column -->
<!-- start main body area column -->
<div id="serviceLevelTextArea">
<a name="top"></a>
<div id="mainBodyServiceArea">
<table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr valign="top">
<td>
<!-- Main Body Content Begins -->
<h1>Power Collection and Distribution Systems</h1><hr size="1" noshade="">
<p><a href="#P4_203">Introduction</a><a href="#P18_1770"><br>
Overview of the power system</a><a href="#P49_7656"><br>
Power Distribution Technologies</a><a href="#P279_32983"><br>
Dual power systems</a><a href="#P370_41979"><br>
System Implications</a><a href="#P963_55541"><br>
Applicability to Ottawa</a><a href="#P975_56816"><br>
Conclusions and Recommendations</a></p>
<h2><a name="P4_203"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Electrically-powered railways provide an excellent way to move large volumes of passengers. These systems have been in use for more than a century and provide for clean and efficient operations. They allow for the power to be supplied by any number of sources and represent an important way of future-proofing the system, regardless of energy costs.</p>
<p>An electrical power system emits no pollution where the power is used, although some miniscule amounts of ozone will be emitted at the power contact points during arcing and sparking; over the last 120 years there is no evidence of these amounts being injurious to human health. As electricity is centrally produced at power stations that operate at or near peak efficiency, the total pollution created is also greatly reduced in comparison with other propulsion methods.</p>
<p>The use of electric power in a tunnel environment is relatively safe as passengers are not exposed to the noxious fumes generated by vehicles powered by internal combustion engines.</p>
<h3>Key Issues</h3>
<p>Key issues in the selection of an appropriate power supply technology include:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Should the design of the power system be concerned only with efficiency?</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Climate issues with respect to the reliable operation of electric power transmission in Ottawa’s winter months</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> The potential for a mix of technologies to be deployed</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Aesthetic concerns with respect to look of the runningways, particularly in sections of the rapid transit network that could pass through sensitive areas such as the Greenbelt or the Western Parkway corridor.</li></ul>
<p> </p>
<h2><a name="P18_1770"></a>Overview of the power system</h2>
<p>With any electrically powered railway, there are three fundamental components which dominate the system.</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Power supply: Including the power grid to bring power to the transformer stations that convert it from the high voltage distributions system a voltage that can easily be transferred to the trains.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Power transfer: The means of transferring and distributing energy from the transformer station to the vehicle.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Prime mover: A motor or similar device which will allow the distributed electrical energy to be converted into a motive power and therefore movement.</li></ul>
<p>Power is supplied to the system by Hydro Ottawa at a high voltage, likely from the distribution lines that supply power to the city. This power is transmitted from generating stations over long distances using alternating current. The power is received by the system at Power Supply Units (PSU) or Traction Power Substations located along the line, which are strategically placed to provide the right amount of power at strategic points.</p>
<p>Once the power is received and transformed, it has to be transferred to the trains. This transmission can be done as either AC or DC. For long distances AC power is commonly used as the high voltages allow alternating current for lower or direct current, providing power to trains with minimal losses. Rapid transit systems tend to operate on DC, which operates at a lower voltage but higher currents and requires that power substations be spaced more closely. The lower voltage of a DC system also simplify some maintenance and operations and eliminate the need for power transformers on all trains operating on an AC system.</p>
<p>In addition to the type of current system used, the method to connect to the trains also needs to be considered. Third rail and overhead catenary systems are the two primary methods used. The position of the third rail down close to track level can make maintenance easier, but requires complete segregation of the right-of-way to reduce risk of electrocution. Overhead systems require poles and catenary wires to support the contact wire that provides the power to the train.</p>
<p>Two new systems are in the development or early deployment stage. These do not require either an overhead wire or a constantly powered third rail, but rely on either a power rail between the two running rails that is live only when the train is sitting over top of it, or a contactless system that induces power to the train. Both of these systems rely on on-board power storage to augment the system.</p>
<p>Figure 1 shows the power distribution system. High voltage power is supplied by the local utility to the Power Supply Unit (PSU) or Traction Power Substation where it is rectified and connected to the Overhead Catenary System (OCS). The OCS could equally be a third rail or ground contact rail, but the concept remains the same. The power is then passed through a collector at the top of the pantograph and is passed to the propulsion motor (or prime mover). After passing through the propulsion motors, the return current is passed back into the running rails where it connects back to the PSU.</p>
<h5>Figure 1 - Overview of power distribution</h5>
<p><img src="power_collect_en-1.jpg" border="0" width="576" height="121"></p>
<h3>AC and DC powered systems</h3>
<p>AC systems are predominantly chosen for rail networks which have long distances to travel and require fewer power supplies. There are some systems in Canada which operate from 25kVAC including the Deux Montagnes Line in Montréal. This commuter rail line was originally powered by 3kVDC but was converted when it was reactivated in the 1980’s.</p>
<p>Despite the appealing reduction in electrical infrastructure costs and lower power losses, the 25KVAC system requires the vehicle to carry its own power transformers on-board which leads to a large increase in vehicle weight and a loss of vehicle space. The higher voltage system also carries a higher risk of safety for passengers and operating personnel. Higher voltages also produce stronger localised electromagnetic fields which can cause EMC problems with adjacent equipment, and without adequate screening can also increase risk of biological exposure both inside and outside the vehicle.</p>
<p>A DC system operates in much the same way as 25kVAC, but requires that the AC supply be converted, or rectified, to provide a DC source for the trains. The majority of electrically-powered railways in the United States and Canada operate at either 600 or 750VDC, with only two (which are largely metro/commuter rail lines) operating from 1500VDC. In fact it should be noted that the original Ottawa North South Line was designed to be fitted with a 1500VDC system.</p>
<p>The DC system requires local Traction Power Substations to be regularly spaced at approximately 1.5km intervals at the trackside should one substation fail. These allow some redundancy of operation. The net benefit is that the power transformer equipment is not carried on-board the vehicle, leading to a lower vehicle weight and gains in interior space.</p>
<p>There are some important distinctions in vehicle types which are related to the size and amount of power equipment stored on-board the vehicle. LRV’s associated with LRT tend to have power equipment stored locally and in some cases in the roof space to maintain a low floor and maximise interior space. Metro and EMU vehicles have equipment which is of a larger size and weight and is proportional to the vehicle size, speeds and weight increase. Also Metro and EMU vehicles tend to have higher floors and so the associated power equipment has a greater ability to be located underneath. The EMU vehicle, to gain even more space, tends to be coupled in multiple units, which allows the sharing and distribution of equipment underneath two vehicle bodies which means that they cannot easily be separated; this technique is also common across all vehicle types, but the EMU design and size allows more flexibility.</p>
<h2><a name="P49_7656"></a>Power Distribution Technologies</h2>
<p>Due to their lower voltages, DC systems have a number of different available methods of power transfer, including: </p>
<ol type="1"><li value="1" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Third rail</li>
<li value="2" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Overhead catenary</li>
<li value="3" style="margin-left:-5px;"> In-ground power rail</li>
<li value="4" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Inductive power transfer</li></ol>
<p>AC systems however are generally limited to either an overhead catenary system or inductive power transfer.</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Third rail</li></ul>
<p>Third rail is used predominantly in areas of narrow rights of way or in tunnels where the objective is to reduce the width of the running route or the overall diameter of the tunnel bore. Its compact configuration can allow for substantial tunnel savings over that of a tunnel diameter that supports an overhead system. The cost of installation and maintenance is also low, as the system is all ground level based and easily accessible.</p>
<p>A number of third rail systems use the running rails as a negative return although one of the biggest users of third rail (London Underground in the UK) use a separate return conductor which is actually a fourth rail and removes the need for using the running rails as a return path for the current. Vancouver’s SkyTrain also uses a third and fourth rail for power distribution and return.</p>
<p>The close proximity to ground makes the electrified third rail system a significant operational hazard. Work safety conditions can easily be compromised in wet and slippery environments. Passenger access needs to be more carefully controlled to prevent accidents.</p>
<p>Its close proximity to ground level means that the electrical insulators supporting the third rail suffer from brake dust contamination and insulation cracking which lead to stray currents. They are also prone to ice and snow shorting the electrical system to earth. Newspaper and other litter at track level can also get caught in the paddles used to pick up the power causing small fires.</p>
<p>The third rail system requires segregation from the public as access to the rail is relatively easy. In station areas the third rail is moved to the other side of the platform to minimise the possibility of electrocution. Third rail systems are generally fitted with high floor vehicles to decrease the likelihood of passengers being in the track area.</p>
<p>Third rail is a proven and mature technology and there is a degree of competition in the manufacturing of components, but aspects of safety mean that the system is no longer in favour and is now becoming quite specialised.</p>
<h3>Overhead Catenary Systems </h3>
<p>Overhead systems are the most common form of power distribution to LRT vehicles throughout the USA and Canada. Most of the existing LRT systems are 650-750VDC overhead catenary with a small number of metros operating at 1500VDC.</p>
<p>The advantage of overhead systems are that they don’t require a high degree of segregation from the public, but will require additional safety precautions, permit procedures and revisions for ‘working at height rules’ in any publically accessible areas.</p>
<p>Some careful planning of the pole positions in visual alignment to trees or the growing of vines and creepers on catenary infrastructure will help to soften the visual impact of the overhead system and gain wider public acceptance.</p>
<p>The overhead system carries electrical current to the vehicle via a suspended wire called the catenary (slotted cable) along the track layout. The catenary wire is suspended on a messenger wire between poles that are typically spaced every 50 metres. </p>
<p>The overhead system will require sizing for temperature extremes to prevent sag in the summer and ice build-up in the winter, to achieve this, and maintain constant tension in the catenary wire, a system with counterweights is integrated into the support poles.</p>
<p>Two wire catenary systems exist where an additional catenary wire acts as the current return. These are predominantly found in systems where the electrical current cannot be passed into the rail for reasons of isolation or risk of stray current. The two wire system and its additional wire necessitates the use of two collectors or two trolley poles which are at risk of icing and poor contact. In addition the negative and positive of the supply are in close proximity and require careful isolation to prevent short circuits across the traction power supply system </p>
<p>The minimum size of catenary wire is related to mechanical strength and is related to line speed of the LRV, the overall resistance of the wire and the current required for the vehicle. Thicker wire reduces volt drop and power loss at the increased expense and visual intrusion of the wire. It is not common to operate a system with different wire sizes, for reasons of electrical safety.</p>
<p>To reduce wire size, there are three options for the designer: </p>
<ol type="1"><li value="1" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Reducing the spacing of the traction power substations, with the result of having more substations.</li>
<li value="2" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Increasing the working voltage.</li>
<li value="3" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Provide on board power storage.</li></ol>
<p>Techniques of overhead system design and installation can be married with modern mechanical support structures to improve the look and aesthetics of the system.</p>
<p>Like third rail, overhead systems require similar maintenance and safety techniques and there is a good technical understanding worldwide. The result of overhead systems being widely accepted is that there are a number of competitive manufacturers to choose from. </p>
<p>A major disadvantage in Ottawa is that poles, messenger wires and catenary wire can be loaded by frequent ice build-up and the supporting structures will need to be able to compensate for the additional weight during the winter season.</p>
<h3>In-Ground Power rail (APS- Innorail)</h3>
<p>Currently the only In-Ground Power Rail system or APS (Alimentation Par Sol) system is Alstom’s Innorail, which is a relatively new concept which removes the controversial overhead wires and poles, and places the catenary underneath the vehicle as a contact strip. In reality this is similar to the third rail principle, except the contact strips are only energised directly underneath the vehicle to ensure maximum safety of pedestrians. As a safety precaution, once the vehicle passes over the contact strip the device is grounded to remove any residual current.</p>
<h5>Figure 2 - Alstom In-ground power rail</h5>
<p><img src="power_collect_en-2.jpg" border="0" width="570" height="291"></p>
<p>The system is in operation in a few European cities, which have a much milder climate, and therefore does not represent conditions that would be expected in Ottawa. When located on a paved roadway, the contact strip is exposed slightly above the tie or paved surface and a consequence is that the contact strip may suffer from ice and salt build-up across the conductors that may result from freezing rain and poor drainage, in a typical Ottawa winter. </p>
<p>As part of this project, Alstom were asked how this could be mitigated and they responded that some form of ice scraper could be fitted at the front of the train to clear this away, the area around the contact strip would have to be designed with good drainage and the contact strip could be electrically heated to keep the strip clear. All of these options will add to the cost and complexity of the system.</p>
<p>As with third rail, Innorail provides a major advantage in the tunnel area as the bore size can now be reduced to its minimal size. Furthermore the Innorail system is now a maturing technology which also supports mixed operation with catenary and provides the best aspects of both systems. As Innorail can be used in the tunnel areas it is not exposed to the harsh Ottawa climate and the only areas where it would pose some risk to system operation are the exposed visually sensitive areas.</p>
<p>An obvious major disadvantage is that there is only one manufacturer that has successfully implemented this system. Reports of its maintenance difficulties have been keenly discussed but are related to the initial Bordeaux system which was the pilot project. As the system is predominantly buried below ground it has had an early history of unreliability which has been masked by the ability of the vehicles to also run on batteries through the unpowered sections. The mitigation against powered sections remaining live will require further safety analysis.</p>
<p>The system requires many smaller, in-ground power control segments that may reduce the overall system reliability and availability; however in balance this method may be safer than the permanently live third rail system.</p>
<p>As the system is relatively new the ability to recruit experienced personnel will be severely limited and as such additional training will be required to service and maintain the components.</p>
<p>One important aspect of APS is that the weight of the vehicle increases by approximately 1000kg, leading to increased running costs and power consumption, but more importantly the ability to regenerate energy into the power distribution system is no longer possible. Therefore the vehicle either has to store the energy locally or dissipate this into a brake resistor (see the regeneration discussion below), which must also be carried in the vehicle.</p>
<p>The complexity of APS will also require additional design effort in track layout, drainage and ice and snow clearance.</p>
<p>The ability of APS to operate in combination with a 1500VDC system has also been assessed and there may be complex issues to resolve with compatibility.</p>
<p>Of more of a mechanical nature, gradient changes also have to be managed to ensure the contacts remain electrically connected to the contact strip as the train moves up and down hills.</p>
<h3>Inductive Power Transfer IPT (Primove)</h3>
<p>There are currently two manufacturers of similar Inductive power transfer systems; Wampfler AG and Bombardier. </p>
<p>The Wamplfer AG system is the more mature and has two formats:</p>
<ol type="1"><li value="1" style="margin-left:-5px;"> In track loop (shown below).</li>
<li value="2" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Local inductive coils to assist with charging on board storage devices at strategic points on the network. </li></ol>
<p>As the name implies, IPT utilizes the inductive coupling between two electrical circuits, one based at the track level and one located underneath the vehicle, to transfer the required electrical energy without the need for a direct (conductive) electrical connection as required by APS.</p>
<p>The process is not new and can be found in transformers and induction motors. The effectiveness and the efficiency of the energy transfer depend on the degree of coupling (or the mutual inductance) of the two circuits.</p>
<p>The amount of mutual inductance and therefore efficiency is increased by reducing the separation between the two circuits. To improve inductive coupling further the number of windings on the coils of both circuits can be increased however, in the case of a mass transit solution, it is typically more cost effective to increase the number of windings on the vehicle circuit rather than placing a large number of turns in the multi-loop coils in the track bed.</p>
<p>The Wamplfer system has two variants; one has the in-track loop laid continuously along the complete alignment, to provide energy continuously to the vehicle. This approach needs neither batteries for energy storage nor other on-board energy sources, such as a diesel engine, although the vehicle can be complemented by these.</p>
<p>The second variant has discrete coils located at various locations along the route, to permit rapid charging of on-board energy storage devices, typically batteries.</p>
<h5>Figure 3 Wampfler -IPT (Continuous Inductive loop)</h5>
<p align="center"><img src="power_collect_en-3.gif" border="1" width="491" height="342"></p>
<p>Figure 3 shows the Wampfler continuous inductive loop system. The track supply provides electrical energy to an in-ground loop of electrical cable. This loop has track capacitors to tune the loop to the track supply frequency, thereby increasing the amount of current flow. The high currents create strong magnetic fields and consequently transfer more electrical power to the vehicle. The pick-up is installed on or underneath the vehicle and arranged to be in close proximity to the track, in order to maximize the mutual coupling with the magnetic field created by the track loop. A variable frequency inverter converts the rectified DC voltage to a variable voltage; variable frequency (VVVF) supply in order to control the speed and torque of an AC induction motor that propels the vehicle. It should be noted that although the example shows an AC induction as the drive motor, it is expected that a PWM converter could also be used to drive a DC motor. </p>
<p>While there are a number of successful applications of continuous IPT, These applications are specialized and have low speed and low power requirements. None have the power capacity to provide a typical 600 kW required by an electric vehicle. The continuous IPT system has not yet been tested with a transit vehicle and, at this time, may not be a viable candidate for Ottawa.</p>
<p>Bombardier’s Primove is currently a working prototype system and therefore carries some risk in implementation. It is currently only fitted to a 1-km test track and has not reached the maturity level expected of a modern transit system. </p>
<p>Inductive power transfer systems offer some major advantages over electrical contact systems as the device works primarily from inductive or magnetic coupling underneath the vehicle.</p>
<p>The Primove system can be seen as a variation of the vehicle carrying its power supply transformer as in the case of the 25kVAC system. As such there may be a weight penalty associated with the train-based equipment and therefore subsequent operating and running costs. However the literature available shows a large air gap transformer with a small loop acting as a primary winding and the vehicle supporting the transformer and secondary inside.</p>
<p>Transformers operating with large air gaps are not uncommon; however the design of the transformer is unknown. It is highly likely that the primary is fed with an alternating current to maximise coupling efficiency and the secondary voltage within the vehicle is then converted into DC. It is important to note that both the Wampfler and the Bombardier systems also make use of alternative storage technologies (ultra-capacitors and batteries as described later). The bulk of the energy is derived from the on-board storage units with the IPT providing the ‘top-up’ of energy, through the in-ground induction loops to keep them electrically charged. </p>
<p>The “in-ground” or buried induction method of power transfer offers a high degree of safety as the primary induction loop, is insulated and unexposed to the public. It is contact-less, meaning that there is little or no maintenance involved, with the added advantage that no catenary is required. </p>
<p>The insulation of the system also provides a degree of protection from the climatic conditions experienced in Ottawa and therefore it promises to offer a higher degree of reliability. However like Innorail, the track-based infrastructure to support the primary windings and the control of the various electrical sections is likely to be costly.</p>
<p>Depending on the frequency of operation the magnetic or inductive coupling may also produce some local electromagnetic effects. </p>
<p>There is currently no information on the possibility of regeneration of energy and in the absence of any information from Bombardier, it is very difficult to speculate if this is actually possible.</p>
<h3>Regeneration /Ultra-capacitors, batteries and energy storage</h3>
<h4>Regeneration</h4>
<p>Regeneration or Regenerative braking is a process where the energy supplied to the vehicle is reconverted back into electrical energy and supplied to other equipment when the brakes are applied. Unlike internal combustion engines, this is the major benefit with motors and electrical systems as they can minimize waste energy, reduce annual power consumption and therefore running costs. In terms of sustainability an electrical system that provides for regenerative braking is a better solution for overall energy efficiency.</p>
<p>Regenerative braking is the conversion of the train's kinetic energy to electrical energy by using the traction motors as a generator. The generated electrical energy flows as current back into the supply system or into other connected loads. In principle this is easier with DC electrification than with AC electric railways, because AC systems require the phase and frequency of the generated electricity to be matched to that of the overhead line equipment, although AC regenerative systems are common.</p>
<p>With a DC system, the vehicle cannot easily return any surplus power back to the Hydro Ottawa power grid, however if other vehicles are operating on the same track section then the excess power can be transferred to another vehicle. If no train is available then a braking resistor is used to dissipate the energy as heat.</p>
<p>With AC systems regeneration is more complex but is still possible under thyristor control. </p>
<p>As the overhead lines are fed from different phases of the grid and the overhead wire is fed in distinct sections this can be difficult to accommodate. Along neutral sections a dynamic braking resistor is required for when the train is required to slow down. However, the power converters of a modern AC train can perform regenerative braking reliably. The regenerated AC energy is able to return to the supplying grid and be used elsewhere. The regenerated power from an AC system in fact is a reverse load on the power distribution system, which results in a slight rise in the system voltage. This rise in voltage results in an overall reduction in energy supplied by the generating stations on the grid network.</p>
<p>Regenerative braking is the most efficient on a busy line. Some reports indicate that DC regeneration is more effective when 6-10 train per hour are expected and will lead to a 12-16% energy saving and AC regeneration is effective at 2–10 trains per hour and represents a 12% energy saving. As real examples, Lisbon metro regenerates 30% of its power and Delhi Metro regenerates 34%. When considering that 5-15% of the operating cost of a light rail system is attributed to electrical power consumption and that 60-80% is attributed to traction power, it is easy to understand the priority in reducing overall running cost.</p>
<p>Earlier AC and DC electrical systems used rheostatic brake resistors to absorb the regenerated power, however this necessitated loads to be switched in or out of circuit depending on system load and so is not a favoured approach by today’s standards.</p>
<p>The ability to regenerate power provides major savings for an operator over the lifetime of the network and therefore reduces the environmental footprint. Moreover there is a reduction in wheel and brake pad wear and an improvement of the mechanical braking system, which assist in minimizing the overall running cost of the vehicle.</p>
<p>It should be noted that a train doesn’t use electric braking for its whole deceleration cycle. Once it gets to a lower speed, electric braking (the effect from regeneration) blends into friction braking from either pneumatic brakes or electric track brakes. During electric braking the train control software can efficiently blend the levels of regenerative, rheostatic, friction and pneumatic braking, providing a safe, efficient and smooth brake.</p>
<h3>Storage of energy</h3>
<p>In a traditional electrified rail system, and in the absence of another vehicle on the catenary, the regenerating vehicle is forced to waste the regenerated energy as heat into a brake resistor, which leads to localised temperature rises on the vehicle or dissipation of heat while the vehicle is stationary. The waste heat can cause uncontrolled temperature increases in or around the vehicle, which in turn leads to early component failure. To mitigate this effect the vehicle requires additional cooling and power, which leads to increased running costs. When a train is stopped at a station area, the dissipated heat will also cause a higher ambient temperature rise, which necessitates additional air-conditioning for that location, which leads to higher running costs.</p>
<p>To even out the power usage the electrical system should offer a means of energy storage in the following locations:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> At the wayside: By having the energy storage at the wayside in a number of strategic locations, the vehicle carries no additional weight and the energy storage system can be separately housed and temperature controlled. However if the power section fails due to a circuit breaker or fault the device will not be available for local power storage.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> On the vehicle: The train will have additional weight to carry, but has a secondary source of power in the event of a section losing power. This means that the vehicle can operate (depending on energy storage capacity) to the next powered section. Mannheim LRV can operate at lower speed of 26km/h for 500m without catenary power and more importantly in the case of Ottawa, if the vehicle experiences poor contact on the overhead catenary due to ice formation, it will be able to maintain speed until electrical contact can be regained. On-board storage coupled with the support of in-ground rail or inductive power may allow the vehicle to travel through the greenbelt and parkway without catenary.</li></ul>
<p>An additional benefit of energy storage is the ability to have more flexibility in the placement of traction power substations such that the limitations of permissible volt drop associated with catenary line length are reduced.</p>
<h3>Storage technology</h3>
<p>A number of technologies have surfaced to allow the recovery of the regenerated energy these broadly fall into three formats:</p>
<p>
</p><table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2">
<tbody><tr>
<td width="104"></td>
<td width="84"></td>
<td width="84"></td>
<td width="6"></td>
<td width="93"></td>
<td width="70"></td>
<td width="97"></td>
<td width="97"></td></tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="104">
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="84"><p><b>Rate of charge/</b></p>
<p><b>discharge</b></p>
</th>
<th colspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="91"><p><b>Life expectancy</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="93"><p><b>Cost/power storage</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="70"><p><b>Power density /weight</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="97"><p><b>Limitations</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="97"><p><b>Competition</b></p>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="104"><p>Ultra-capacitor</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="84"><p><font face="Arial">Very short charge time</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="84"><p><font face="Arial">High</font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="99"><p><font face="Arial">High</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="70"><p><font face="Arial">6kWh/kg</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="97"><p><font face="Arial">Cost</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="97"><p><font face="Arial">Sole sourced</font></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="104"><p>Flywheel storage</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="84"><p><font face="Arial">Short charge time </font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="84"><p><font face="Arial">Unknown</font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="99"><p><font face="Arial">High</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="70"><p><font face="Arial">4kWh/?</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="97"><p><font face="Arial">Safety /</font></p>
<p><font face="Arial">Under development</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="97"><p><font face="Arial">Fewer manufacturersbut existing proprietary knowledge.</font></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="104"><p>Battery</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="84"><p><font face="Arial">Long charge time</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="84"><p><font face="Arial">Limited life</font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="99"><p><font face="Arial">Low</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="70"><p><font face="Arial">30 – 160Wh/kg</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="97"><p><font face="Arial">Weight /Maintenance</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="97"><p><font face="Arial">Many</font></p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><strong>Potential application of storage technology</strong></p>
<p>
</p><table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2">
<tbody><tr>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="111">
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p><b>OCS free</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="124"><p><b>Peak power smoothing</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="149"><p><b>Frequent service and service stops</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="174"><p><b>Infrequent service and service stops</b></p>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="111"><p>Ultra-capacitor</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p><font face="Arial">Limited OCS free use</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="124"><p><font face="Arial">Yes</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="149"><p><font face="Arial">Yes</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="174"><p><font face="Arial">No</font></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="111"><p>Flywheel storage</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p><font face="Arial">Limited OCS free use</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="124"><p><font face="Arial">Yes</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="149"><p><font face="Arial">Yes</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="174"><p><font face="Arial">No</font></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="111"><p>Battery</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p><font face="Arial">Yes</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="124"><p><font face="Arial">Limited use for smoothing</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="149"><p><font face="Arial">No</font></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="174"><p><font face="Arial">Yes</font></p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Ultra-capacitor (Maxwell industries) </h4>
<p>The Ultra-capacitor or ‘Super-capacitor’ is a newer technology that uses the properties of an electric double layer capacitor (two layers of carbon either side of a porous dielectric material sandwiched between the outer electrodes), which enables very high capacitance but at a low operating voltage.</p>
<p>Large numbers of these are arranged in series to provide the correct working voltage at the expense of a reduction in series capacitance and these series capacitors are then banked to retain the required system capacitance. Maxwell industries claim working voltages up to 1500VDC.</p>
<p>The advantage of the ultra-capacitor is that it has a high charge/discharge rate and can absorb the immediate energy produced by regeneration. In effect the ultra-capacitor has battery storage and can propel or power the system for short durations. The low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) means that power loss in the device is small and the units can run at typically 95% efficiency.</p>
<h5>Figure 4 - Vycon Flywheel cross-section</h5>
<div id="graphicLeft"><img src="power_collect_en-4.jpg" alt="flywheel" border="0" width="297" height="208"></div>
<p>The Vycon Flywheel shown in Figure 4 is representative of flywheel technology. Simply, it is a motor with mass, which is spun using the regenerated power from the train. This mass continues to revolve in virtual vacuum and magnetic bearing, which removes friction losses and allows the unit to spin indefinitely (although there is some gradual degradation in speed over time). The unit will produce power when the overhead catenary system requires additional capacity such as another vehicle entering the powered section.</p>
<p>An important feature of the flywheel is its compactness and the ability to locate the unit either within the vehicle or outside near the traction power substation. Location of the unit on the vehicle will incur some weight penalty and therefore additional operating cost. There also may be a risk with having high speed rotating machinery in close proximity with passengers and the effects of inertial energy on the vehicle may also need consideration. Maintenance history of the units is unknown and the vacuum sealing is quite specialised, however the core technology of mass and brushless motor is mature. There is a small delay in charging the rotational mass, therefore there will be some minor power conversion losses. </p>
<h4>Battery (Various manufacturers)</h4>
<p>Battery storage is a proven and mature technology. It provides a relatively good weight to power ratio and low cost. One of its major disadvantages is that the battery is affected by temperature, which at low temperatures results in loss of capacity, and at high temperatures can cause plate buckling which causes short circuits and loss of voltage, or in extreme cases can result in electrical fires. A common misconception is that the battery can be rapidly charged and discharged, however, although the device is resilient to rapid charge cycles and deep discharges this can result in some loss of battery life expectancy and overall performance. A further disadvantage is that most batteries require routine maintenance and inspection and also regular charge and discharge cycles to maintain peak performance.</p>
<p>Battery technology is mature and widely understood and the choice of competitors ensures that costs are kept to lower values. The more lightweight higher capacity battery types are quite specialised and fewer manufacturers exist due to patent protection.</p>
<h2><a name="P279_32983"></a>Dual power systems</h2>
<p>One of the important aspects of an electrically powered vehicle is the flexibility in power system design. Most manufacturers will accommodate a client’s design requirements and so decisions on the technology implemented should always be tempered with a detailed analysis of the cost-risk-benefits and the practicalities of developing a mixed power system.</p>
<p>A dual power system is generally considered when there are areas of city which force a restriction in the use of overhead catenary for power transfer for perhaps reasons of clearance, effects of stray current or visual sensitivity in the surrounding area.</p>
<p>The adoption of a catenary system with additional attention paid to its generic design and pole placement will carry less of a risk in comparison with the merging and ongoing development of two separate power systems. However the benefits of a dual system should not be overlooked and with an ‘all-electric vehicle’ the ability to lower the pantograph during operation in the tunnel will realise significant cost benefits in tunnel construction due to the potential in bore size reduction. In comparison a diesel electric vehicle will allow significant reductions in overhead infrastructure and minimise the impacts of utility relocation due to possible effects or risks associated with stray current.</p>
<p>Dual power systems will broadly take the following formats:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Catenary – Onboard power storage.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Catenary – In –ground power rail (APS including some onboard storage).</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Catenary – Induction power Transfer (IPT)</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Diesel-Electric</li></ul>
<p>In all four formats there will be a consequential increase in weight and running cost and the ability to regenerate into the power system may be reduced or lost. Note that third rail is not considered a candidate as part of a dual power system as the location of the power collection paddles at mid-wheel height poses an electrical hazard if another means of powering the train is provided and the subsequent electrical isolation/protection fails.</p>
<h3>Catenary – Onboard power storage Combination</h3>
<p>A dual power system would operate mainly from catenary with the vehicle operating from batteries or ultra-capacitors for short unpowered sections of up to 500 metres (batteries will allow for greater distances than ultra-capacitors). The on-board storage would then recharge once the vehicle has reached the catenary section on the opposite side. There is a risk of ‘stranding’ of the vehicle and consequent disruption to the network if a battery failure or electrical storage fails. The vehicle cannot regenerate in the unpowered section and so energy will be lost as heat in the brake resistor.</p>
<h3>Catenary – In ground power rail (Innorail) Combination</h3>
<p>This system is a likely candidate as there are a number of Innorail systems already operating in dual power mode and therefore it is becoming a more mature technology. A risk area will be its use in exposed external areas; however a number of suggestions have been made to mitigate this and are roughly in line with the methods proposed for protecting turnouts and other rail infrastructure. Of particular interest must be its inclusion in the tunnel area where the system is not excessively exposed to the harsh climate. The use of Innorail will allow the train to lower its pantograph before entry into the tunnel area and run on Innorail through to the portal exit whereupon the pantograph will be raised on the other side. </p>
<p>There are some design challenges to ensure the pantograph is lowered and raised before and after the tunnel and that ice and snow build up do not affect operation, however these are not insurmountable and have effectively been achieved, albeit in different environments.</p>
<p>If a Catenary-In–ground power rail system was enhanced with additional power storage most unplanned failure scenarios may be mitigated.</p>
<h3>Catenary – IPT Combination</h3>
<p>There is little data on the working of the IPT systems, however it is not unreasonable to assume that mixed catenary, energy storage and IPT is possible as with Innorail. However it would be expected that regeneration would be less efficient over the inductive loop and more complex within the vehicle. The smaller coil based loops would not permit efficient regeneration.</p>
<h3>Diesel-electric</h3>
<p>A number of European cities use a propulsion method which allows the vehicle to be powered by a mix of electrical overhead catenary in densely populated areas, and run on the power generated by a diesel combustion engine outside of cities. For Ottawa, one important aspect of this technology is that the Diesel- Electric vehicle can run on diesel power out of the tunnel and once in confined areas can switch to electric power; where the risk of exhaust pollution is considered too great.</p>
<p>Most of the major vehicle manufacturers offer a diesel-electric dual mode vehicle:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Alstom’s - Regio Citadis.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Bombardier’s -Flexity, Talent.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Siemens - Combino.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Ansaldo-Breda – (dual power buses but no information on LRV’s, although reports indicate that they exist)</li></ul>
<p><font face="Arial"><b>The dual mode vehicle has a number of advantages:</b></font></p>
<ol type="1"><li value="1" style="margin-left:-5px;"> The implementation of overhead catenary can be implemented in stages over longer periods, therefore lowering capital costs.</li>
<li value="2" style="margin-left:-5px;"> The need for relocation of utilities in the non-electrified areas is minimised as there is only need for utility relocation for reasons of access rather than stray current protection, therefore cost and impacts to highways are minimised.</li>
<li value="3" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Similar to BRT, the right-of-way can be established early on and at comparable costs, which then permits easier migration to electric LRT once ridership is established.</li>
<li value="4" style="margin-left:-5px;"> It is a flexible technology. In certain vehicles, engine can be removed as retrofit and vehicle returned to electric only operation.</li>
<li value="5" style="margin-left:-5px;"> The vehicle can be refurbished at a mid-stage lifecycle and converted to all-electric LRT.</li>
<li value="6" style="margin-left:-5px;"> In the event of a power failure the vehicles can operate and provide a reduced service.</li></ol>
<p><font face="Arial"><b>Its perceived disadvantages are:</b></font></p>
<ol type="1"><li value="1" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Depending on vehicle type, the turning radius can be limited by the Cardan shaft connection from the diesel engine to the truck.</li>
<li value="2" style="margin-left:-5px;"> The vehicle has to carry the additional weight of the diesel engine and its fuel.</li>
<li value="3" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Low floor vehicles limit the ability of mounting the engine underneath the vehicle. Engines can protrude into passenger area and reduce space or require to be fitted to the roof space.</li>
<li value="4" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Diesel, although requiring high temperature or pressure to ignite, is nevertheless a flammable fuel.</li>
<li value="5" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Noxious fumes and particulates produced by the exhaust of a diesel engine increase the risk of Eczema and Asthmatic conditions for passengers.</li>
<li value="6" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Additional weight requires increased power needs within the electrical powered sections.</li>
<li value="7" style="margin-left:-5px;"> If poorly controlled, the noise of the diesel engine can be fatiguing on passengers.</li>
<li value="8" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Diesel engines require more regular maintenance than a pure electrical system.</li>
<li value="9" style="margin-left:-5px;"> The system requires strategic filling stations for fuel.</li>
<li value="10" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Operational costs are related to fluctuating oil prices.</li></ol>
<h4>Examples of Diesel -electric vehicles</h4>
<p>Two dual mode low floor vehicles manufactured by Stadler are used on the ‘River line’ New Jersey and by Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Capital Metro) in Austin Texas. These are effectively vehicles fitted with diesel generators that provide power for the electric traction motors with no pantograph, although reports state that the vehicle is available in mixed diesel engine /overhead pickup configuration.</p>
<p>One of the major benefits of the diesel generator /electric drive from Stadler is that the vehicle has a better turning radius than that of the shaft driven vehicles.</p>
<p>Of significant importance are the dual mode vehicles used in Europe in the cities of Kassel and Nordhausen.</p>
<p><img src="power_collect_en-5.jpg" border="0" width="345" height="240"></p>
<h5>Figure 5 – Gelenktriebwagen used in New Jersey and Austin (picture of Swiss overhead catenary vehicle)</h5>
<h4>Kassel (Regionalbahn) Tram trains</h4>
<p>Kassel has a large LRT network of 122km with a mix of vehicles. To reduce electrification costs Kassel operates dual mode Alstom Regio Citadis vehicles that are fitted with roof mounted diesel generators. The use of roof mounted diesel generators ensures that the city maintains the use of a low floor vehicle for improved accessibility. However, these vehicles have a reduced standing capacity due to the on-board storage of the fuel.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/kasseltramtrains/" target="_top"><img src="power_collect_en-6.jpg" alt="" border="0" width="396" height="234"></a></p>
<h5>Figure 6 - Kassel Tram</h5>
<h4>NordhausenTram trains</h4>
<p>The Nordhausen vehicle is based on the Siemens (formerly Duewag) Combino Duo. This is a 750VDC electric vehicle with 180kw Diesel engine generator. Of particular note is Nordhausen’s population size and density: 44,742 people and 421 people /km2 respectively.</p>
<p><img src="power_collect_en-7.jpg" alt="nordhausen_duo_tramtrain" border="0" width="312" height="222"></p>
<h5>Figure 7 - Nordhausen Tram-Train</h5>
<p>The use of the Combino Duo minimizes the cost of electrification of the entire city and therefore reduces the total cost of installation and infrastructure in the city centre.</p>
<p>The picture below shows a typical loss of standing space attributed to the extra equipment required for diesel-electric power.</p>
<p><img src="power_collect_en-8.jpg" border="0" width="308" height="279"></p>
<h5>Figure 8 - Inside of the Combino Duo</h5>
<h2><a name="P370_41979"></a>System Implications</h2>
<h3>Safety</h3>
<p>Safety is paramount in any public transit system as this increases passenger confidence and therefore builds ridership.</p>
<p>Any exposed power system has significant risk associated with it and behaviour and work patterns around the system must be modified and controlled to maximise public safety and the safety of the operating personnel. </p>
<p>The primary mitigation for an abnormal electrical system failure will be either;</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Emergency electrical isolation of the supply, or</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Localised ‘Intertripping’ between substations.</li></ul>
<p>This is to prevent:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> The immediate risk and danger of equipment malfunctioning and/or electrocuting /injuring passengers and personnel, and</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> The danger of fire spreading in the Tunnel and Depot.</li></ul>
<p>Isolation also prevents:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> The danger of a train being powered while being serviced/ repaired</li></ul>
<p>To maximize safety and assist in the detection, communication and management of such events the electrical power system should be complemented with the following:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Installation of system wide and local emergency stop push-button, CCTV and panic alarm system.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Installation of early warning fire detection/alarm systems.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Adequate training of staff and liaison with fire and emergency services regarding electrical fires and tunnel evacuation techniques.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Installation of interface systems that will disable the CRV supply whilst the LRV is under maintenance or repair on the track.</li></ul>
<h3>Stray current</h3>
<p>Stray current is the effect of current passing from a DC source to earth via a buried conducting surface and is caused by:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Metal objects coming into contact with ballast and rail, or</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Failure or breakdown of insulation.</li></ul>
<p>It should be noted that AC systems do not suffer the noticeable effects of stray current associated with DC systems.</p>
<p>The separation of the DC power system from the electrical ground is very important, as a failure to insulate causes the stray current to damage or weaken buried metallic objects (both old and new) and the facilities owned by the transit operator or others in the locality. In turn this leads to excessive maintenance and repair.</p>
<p>Typical examples of metallic objects found in an urban rail system are:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Rebar in the supporting walls, platforms and tunnels</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Bridge decks</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Support Piers</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Bolts and fixings</li></ul>
<p>The degree of insulation between the power system and electrical earth is a compromise between the need to control any accessible metallic objects that have a touch voltage, and the need to limit any stray current leakage.</p>
<p>As previously described, the system will be operating a negative-return traction power system; where the running rails will form the return conductor path, and unlike domestic supplies, these are deliberately not connected to ground (the exception is the Maintenance and Storage Facility, which under normal conditions is grounded separately).</p>
<p>In the absence of stray current control the return current follows the least resistance path to earth and in the case of soil and ferrous objects causes an electrolytic (Anodic) effect which can rapidly corrode any electrically conducting objects and in severe cases can lead to structural failure.</p>
<h4>Effects of stray current</h4>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Causes problems for utilities due to current flow on utility pipes and cable sheaths and causes electrolytic corrosion</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Reduces power efficiency of the DC system</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Causes corrosion to adjacent ferrous or conductive objects</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Damages bridge bearings, structures and pipes</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Can cause leakage of liquids</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Damages domestic power and telecommunication services</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Can cause explosion in pipes.</li></ul>
<h4>Stray current mitigation measures</h4>
<p>Many modern transit systems have a number of corrosion mitigations and procedures to eliminate stray current and its corrosive effects:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Provide secondary measures of stray current collection using collector mat underneath the rails. This also has the benefit of allowing the regular measurement of current but also allows remote monitoring and sectional isolation to determine leakage paths.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Monitor stray current at appropriate collector mat zones or ground electrodes.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Measure the system voltage at each collector mat (Rail to Ground tests).</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Regularly measure track to earth resistance.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Ensure that there is a high resistance path for any leakage between rail and earth.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Provide isolation of rail and tie or alternatively provide isolation mat underneath track bed.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Ensure design does not inadvertently provide path to ground through items that are connected to track .i.e. from rail heaters or switch machines.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Provide cathodic protection to control corrosion on unprotected buried structures (Pipelines carrying flammable materials).</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Keep track clear of debris and dirt through regular maintenance, particularly at crossings or paved areas.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Provide monitoring points at substations to measure stray current.</li></ul>
<h3>Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility</h3>
<p>The choice of power system must consider the effects of EMI on surrounding areas and the electromagnetic compatibility of equipment. </p>
<p>One of the disadvantages of a higher voltage AC system is that the conversion equipment produces considerable electrical noise and electromagnetic radiation which requires careful analysis and filtering. These effects can interfere with local radio reception, contaminate domestic supplies and cause intermittent problems with electrical equipment. In the instance of AC systems in remote locations this is not necessarily a problem, however the high voltage catenary and proximity to residential areas in city environments may be challenging in preventing the catenary from radiating or coupling with adjacent electrical apparatus and will therefore necessitate larger electrical clearances.</p>
<p>It should be noted that the DC systems also suffer from similar effects but as this is at a lower voltage, some effects are less pronounced and controllable with appropriate filtering.</p>
<h3>Operation in extremes of temperature</h3>
<p>The climatic conditions of Ottawa pose some significant challenges to the system designer. There are few examples that emulate the same climate, with the exception of Calgary and Edmonton; both of which are DC catenary based systems.</p>
<p>The annual mean temperature range can vary between -15 degrees Celsius in winter to +26.5 degrees Celsius in summer. Wind-chill factors in winter and humidity in summer also bring about higher extremes.</p>
<p>Three notable weather aspects that will present design challenges are:</p>
<ol type="1"><li value="1" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Freezing rain, which can cause additional loads on catenary or coat contact surfaces so that electrical contact cannot be made and prevent adequate drainage.</li>
<li value="2" style="margin-left:-5px;"> Thermal swings – rapid temperature fluctuation which can cause thermal shock on external components or rapid condensation.</li>
<li value="3" style="margin-left:-5px;"> High humidity. – Causing poor cooling or heat dissipation leading to equipment infant mortality or premature in-service failures.</li></ol>
<h4>Comparable weather systems</h4>
<h5>St Petersburg (Russian Federation) – Using PTMZ and Siemens vehicles</h5>
<p>
</p><table>
<tbody><tr>
<td width="62"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="83"></td>
<td width="62"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><h4 align="center"><font face="Arial" size="+0"><b>Month</b></font></h4>
</td>
<td colspan="4" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="245"><p align="center"><b>Temperature</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>Relative humidity</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center"><b>Average Precipitation (mm)</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p align="center"><b>Wet Days (+0.25 mm)</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>Average</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>Record</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Min.</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Max.</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Min.</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Max.</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>a.m.</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>p.m.</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Jan</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-13</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-7</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-32</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>86</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>84</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>35</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>21</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Feb</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-33</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>81</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>73</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>30</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>17</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>March</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>0</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-26</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>85</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>70</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>31</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>April</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>0</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-13</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>20</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>79</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>65</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>36</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>May</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>15</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>27</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>69</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>57</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>45</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>June</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>11</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>20</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>29</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>68</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>53</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>50</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>July</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>13</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>21</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>33</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>75</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>61</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>72</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Aug</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>13</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>20</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>31</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>79</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>61</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>78</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Sept</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>9</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>15</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>29</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>86</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>68</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>64</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>17</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Oct</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>9</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>18</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>88</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>78</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>76</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>18</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Nov</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-18</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>89</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>85</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>46</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>18</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Dec</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-23</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>88</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>86</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>40</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>22</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h5>Ottawa</h5>
<p>
</p><table>
<tbody><tr>
<td width="62"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="83"></td>
<td width="62"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p align="center"><b>Month</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="244"><p align="center"><b>Temperature</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><font face="Arial"><b>Relative humidity</b></font></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center"><b>Average Precipitation (mm)</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p align="center"><b>Wet Days (+0.25 mm)</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>Average</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>Record</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Min</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Max</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Min</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Max</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>am</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>pm</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Jan</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-16</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-36</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>83</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>76</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>74</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Feb</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-16</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-37</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>88</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>73</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>56</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>March</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-9</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-37</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>26</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>84</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>66</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>71</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>April</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>11</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-19</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>30</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>76</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>58</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>69</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>May</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>7</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>19</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>34</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>77</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>55</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>64</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>June</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>24</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>36</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>80</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>56</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>89</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>July</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>14</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>27</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>38</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>80</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>53</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>86</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Aug</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>13</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>25</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>38</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>84</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>54</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>66</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Sept</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>9</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>20</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>39</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>90</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>59</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>81</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Oct</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-10</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>31</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>86</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>63</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>74</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Nov</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-23</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>22</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>84</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>68</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>76</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Dec</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-13</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-37</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>13</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>83</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>75</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>66</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>14</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h5>Helsinki Finland – Using Adtranz (Bombardier) vehicles</h5>
<p>
</p><table>
<tbody><tr>
<td width="62"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="61"></td>
<td width="83"></td>
<td width="62"></td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p align="center"><b>Month</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="244"><p align="center"><b>Temperature</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>Relative humidity</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center"><b>Average Precipitation (mm)</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p align="center"><b>Wet Days (+0.25 mm)</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>Average</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>Record</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Min</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Max</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Min</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Max</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>am</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>pm</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Jan</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-9</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-33</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>7</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>89</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>87</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>56</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>20</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Feb</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-10</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-30</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>89</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>82</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>42</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>18</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>March</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-7</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>0</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-26</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>15</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>86</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>70</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>36</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>April</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-14</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>21</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>81</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>66</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>44</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>May</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>14</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>26</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>70</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>58</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>41</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>June</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>9</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>19</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>0</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>31</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>72</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>59</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>51</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>July</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>13</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>22</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>33</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>76</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>63</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>68</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Aug</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>20</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>30</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>83</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>67</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>72</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Sept</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>15</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>24</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>89</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>72</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>71</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Oct</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-10</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>18</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>91</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>79</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>73</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>18</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>Nov</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>-16</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>11</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>90</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>86</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p>68</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="62"><p>19</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>Dec</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>-28</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>9</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>90</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>89</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p>66</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="62"><p>20</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Power requirements</h3>
<p>System power requirements are difficult to determine without knowledge of the number and type of vehicles used, operating patterns and applied technology.</p>
<p>As a guide, traction power substations are typically rated at 1 – 2MW (MW or MVA). The number of traction power supplies is related to overall track length and are spaced at approximately 1.5 to 1.75 km’s depending on working voltage and electrical system design. The approximate power consumption of the system will be in the region of 5kWh/km to 10kWh/km travelled.</p>
<h3>Operating Characteristics</h3>
<p>The operation of the power distribution is paramount for safe working and operational reliability. Energy storage systems on-board the train will have local control systems to maintain power and will result in additional weight and loss of space. Catenary, third rail and in-ground systems will require a control system that will be housed at the maintenance and storage facility. The line will be broken into electrical sections and at local traction power supply substations information regarding the performance of the electrical system will be conveyed back to that operations and control centre within the maintenance and storage facility. The system will either be automatically monitored predefined limits and/or manually controlled by operations room personnel.</p>
<p>Continuous monitoring of the system is required to maximise passenger safety and to safeguard against ongoing electrical system failures, failures which can be produced through natural component performance degradation or though unplanned events such as fallen trees across the live electrical system.</p>
<p>In the event of a fault condition the operator will isolate a section for maintenance or will prevent passage by removing power from the power distribution system.</p>
<h3>Maintenance</h3>
<p>Maintenance is a key aspect of the system as this maintains operational performance and safety. Routine inspections on equipment (mainly during the night) will be required to meet suppliers’ warranty but to also identify weaknesses in the system due to natural wear and tear from the vehicles. The simpler and fewer components a system has, the more reliable it will be and the less spares are required to maintain operations, resulting in minimisation of operating and capital costs.</p>
<p>Third rail systems represent the lowest spares need but require some regular maintenance and visual inspection due to their ground level implementation. However replacement and renewal is very straight forward and takes very little time. Wear of contact components is compensated by spring loaded shoes on the vehicle which engage with conductor rail.</p>
<p>Overhead catenary requires additional spares as the mechanical components are smaller and wear accordingly. The current collector at the top of the pantograph is spring loaded and compensates more for terrain than wear. Contact wires are staggered to ensure wear is even across the current collector of the vehicle.</p>
<p>Ice build-up and broken branches can affect a catenary or even cause it to fail. As such rewiring equipment and cherry-pickers are required to allow maintainers to inspect and re-instate the equipment.</p>
<p>As Innorail and Primove are relatively new systems there is little information on maintenance aspects and some of the earlier knowledge of the implementation of Innorail in Bordeaux should be cautioned as this represented some early development.</p>
<p>However despite the attractiveness of the removal of traditional catenary systems, any in-ground system will have a subsequent increase in installation and maintenance costs of the equipment. Also, as the equipment is ground–based, it is exposed to a very harsh environment from the Ottawa weather and potentially exposed to contamination from salt and can be considered a less than ideal location. Maintenance of buried contact rail and electrical equipment may be difficult and result in additional maintenance expense over the life of the system.</p>
<h3>Costs</h3>
<p>Throughout this paper there has been discussion of relative costs and any cost of a system must be broken down into:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Initial capital costs. The adoption of new technologies not only incurs some cost but also risk in implementation.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Spares. The number of extra parts required to be held to ensure availability of the system and quick replacement of failed components.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Ongoing maintenance costs. Newer technologies have not yet exhibited failure modes and so costs are difficult to predict long term.</li></ul>
<p>In addition the choice of system must also take into account the risk that certain technologies tie an operator into a potential sole source and will run the risk of:</p>
<ul><li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Future obsolescence or cessation of technology and the consequential potential one-time buys. </li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Losing the Manufacturer due to merger or competition.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Escalating cost imposed by the manufacturer.</li>
<li style="margin-left:-20px;"> Poor adoption of technology by other customers.</li></ul>
<p>The figures below are derived from a technology comparison report and an interesting comparison can be seen that despite the general acceptance of OCS in the USA and Canada, IPT with additional storage can provide additional budgetary savings and reduce infrastructure costs.</p>
<p>
</p><table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2">
<tbody><tr>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p align="center"><b>CAD (Million)</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="101"><p align="center"><b>Infrastructure</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p align="center"><b>Vehicle</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="95"><p align="center"><b>Maintenance</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="59"><p align="center"><b>Energy</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="46"><p align="center"><b>Total</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="48"><p align="center"><b>%</b></p>
</th>
<th bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="84"><p align="center"><b>Million/per km</b></p>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="122"><p>Single LRV +pantograph and OCS</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="101"><p>20.8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>88</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="95"><p>163.2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="59"><p>110.88</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="46"><p>383</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="48"><p>100%</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="84"><p>38</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p>LRV without OCS and with IPT charging stations + battery</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="101"><p>2.4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>91.2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="95"><p>159.68</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="59"><p>77.6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="46"><p>331</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="48"><p>86%</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="84"><p>33</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="122"><p>LRV without OCS and with IPT charging stations + Supercapacitor</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="101"><p>2.4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="61"><p>94.4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="95"><p>158.08</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="59"><p>77.6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="46"><p>332</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="48"><p>87%</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="84"><p>33</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="122"><p>In ground (APS)</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="101"><p>?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="61"><p>?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="95"><p>?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="59"><p>?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="46"><p>1149</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="48"><p>347%</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="84"><p>115</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><a name="P963_55541"></a>Applicability to Ottawa</h2>
<h4>Aesthetic Concerns</h4>
<h4>Overhead Catenary Systems</h4>
<p>Aesthetics of the power system are mainly based on the visibility of the messenger wire and catenary wire, along with the poles and related electrical equipment. Traction power supplies and ancillary equipment, although large can be placed in rooms and buildings and out of the view of the public. Public sensitivity is generally heightened when the system travels through inhabited areas or attractive natural surroundings.</p>
<p>The use of In-Ground, Inductive Power, or Third Rail systems is attractive, as they present no visual clutter to the casual bystander or resident. However their potential for unreliability in the Ottawa climate must not be forgotten. It should be noted that the initial fitment of Overhead Catenary does not prevent the future migration to APS or IPT after the system has been built.</p>
<h4>Grass track</h4>
<p>The use of grass track encourages biodiversity, softens the impact of the infrastructure and minimises the visual impact of the track. However grass can encourage improper drainage and can lead to ice build-up and increases in stray current when not maintained. The use of grass in the Ottawa climate should therefore be explored in advance or as part of a future study after implementation.</p>
<h2><a name="P975_56816"></a>Conclusions and Recommendations</h2>
<p>Assess the use of a mixed system using Overhead Catenary and an In-Ground (Innorail) or Inductive Power System in the tunnel area to reduce bore size, however the development of this and the long term benefits in terms of sole source suppliers should be questioned.</p>
<p>High voltage AC catenary power systems should not be considered for reasons of increased weight of the vehicle and public and operating personnel safety.</p>
<p>650-750VDC is the North American standard for overhead catenary. A move to 1500VDC would necessitate greater electrical clearances and more highly rated components.</p>
<p>The benefits of operating 1500VDC must be weighed against operating 650-750VDC with additional storage capacity.</p>
<p>The overall benefit of 1500VDC will be in the cost, flexibility and quantity of the Traction Power Substation locations and this cannot be resolved without further analysis of the electrical system.</p>
<p>To reduce risk, the City of Ottawa could build a pilot track for test runs in winter to explore the feasibility of vehicle performance and also to train maintainers/installers early in the process.</p>
<h5>Appendix A: Power systems in North America</h5>
<p>
</p><center><table>
<tbody><tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p align="center"><b>System</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p><b>Passenger Stations & Car Stops</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center"><b>Double track length (km)</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center"><b>Power supply voltage (DC)</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center"><b>No of substations</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center"><b>Substation Rating<br>
(MW)</b></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p><b>Power transfer</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Calgary-Train</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">31</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">29.3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">17</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Charlotte (Lynx light rail)</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">15</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">15.45</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Chicago Metra Electric(Metro)</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">49</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79">
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">1500 </p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Baltimore, Central Corridor</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">28</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">28.6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">14</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Boston, Green Line & Mattapan</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">83</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">44.4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">3-6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Buffalo, MetroRail</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">14</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">10.3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">650</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Cleveland, Blue/Green</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">33</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">21.1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">6+</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Dallas, DART LRT</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">34</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">32.2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Denver, RTD LRT</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">17</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">22</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Edmonton, LRT</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">10</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">12.3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Houston Metro Rail</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">16</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">12.1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Jersey City & Newark, NJ Transit</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">29</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">23.8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">4+</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Los Angeles, Blue/Green/Gold</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">36</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">66.3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">21</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">1.5-3.0</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Minneapolis</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">17</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">19.3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>New Orleans, Streetcars</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">55</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">14</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>NICTD South Shore line (Commuter rail)</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">22</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">75</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">1500</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">10</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Philadelphia, City & Suburban</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">217</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">49.6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600/635</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">4+</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Pittsburgh, South Hills</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">59</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">27.4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">640</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Portland, MAX</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">46</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">52.5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">34</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">0.75</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Portland, Streetcar</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">24</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">8.1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">0.3</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Sacramento, RT LRT</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">30</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">25.4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">15</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>St. Louis, Metrolink</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">18</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">26.5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">1.5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Salt Lake City, UTA LRT</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">16</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">24.4</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>San Diego Trolley</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">48</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">72</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">33</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>San Francisco, Muni</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">215</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">35.6</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">12</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">2-8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>San Jose, VTA LRT</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">41</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">43.1</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">15+</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">1.5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary and Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Seattle/Tacoma</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">0.8</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">750</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">2</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Catenary</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="134"><p>Toronto, Streetcars</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="83"><p align="center">625</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="79"><p align="center">75.5</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="87"><p align="center">600</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cecece" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Trolley</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="134"><p>Vancouver, Canada Line ( metro)</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="83">
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="79">
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="87">
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="90"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="89"><p align="center">?</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f2f2f2" valign="top" width="77"><p align="center">Third rail</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></center>
<p>Note the trolley system is essentially the same as the DC OCS however the trolley pole replaces the pantograph system allowing a simpler overhead and construction.</p>
<!-- Main Body Content Ends -->
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="contentID">CON044279</div>
<!-- start of footer -->
<div id="footer">
<div id="footerLeft">
©2001-2009 City of Ottawa
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/disclaimer_en.shtml">Disclaimer</a></li>
<li><a href="/privacy_en.shtml">Privacy Statement</a></li>
<li><a href="/accessibility_en.shtml">Accessibility</a></li>
<li class="end"><a href="/externlinks_en.shtml">Links</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- end of footer -->
</div>
<!-- end of wrapper -->
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: black; text-align: left; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div></body></html>